The dynamics of war in the Middle East have been in the international spotlight over the last decade, with various interconnected conflicts. Some of the most important countries in the region include Syria, Yemen, Iraq, and Libya, where ethnic and political tensions simmer. Syria has been in civil war since 2011, which began as peaceful protests against President Bashar al-Assad. When demonstrations turned into armed conflict, the country became a battleground for various armed groups, including ISIS and Al-Nusra. The roles of Russia and the US in this conflict add complexity, with Russia supporting Assad while the US provides support to opposition groups considered moderate. In Yemen, the civil war that began in 2015 involved Saudi Arabia as the leading coalition fighting the Houthis, an Iran-backed movement. A dire human situation emerged, with millions of people facing hunger and disease. The blockade imposed by the Saudi Arabian coalition has exacerbated this humanitarian crisis, leaving the country in a protracted state of emergency. Iraq is also not free from conflict. The war against ISIS in 2014 was a turning point, where Iraq mobilized its armed forces, and international support, especially from the US, was also important in defeating the terrorist group. However, following the physical defeat of ISIS, the security situation remains fragile, with billions of dollars needed for the reconstruction of destroyed infrastructure. Libya, after the fall of Muammar Gaddafi in 2011, has been caught in conflict between factions. The Government of National Accord (GNA) and the Libyan National Army (LNA), led by Khalifa Haftar, are fighting over control of territory and resources. Foreign intervention also played a significant role here, with Türkiye providing support to the GNA, while Egypt and the United Arab Emirates supported the LNA. This crisis not only affects the countries involved, but also global security. Waves of refugees from Syria, Yemen and Iraq have sparked a migration crisis to Europe, reviving debate about immigration policy and border security. Meanwhile, the protracted conflict left tens of thousands dead and destroyed infrastructure. The division between Sunnis and Shiites also contributes to tensions in the region. The rivalry between Saudi Arabia and Iran not only worsens the situation in Yemen but also has implications for conflicts in Syria and Iraq. In this context, international alliances, such as the anti-ISIS coalition, demonstrate the complexity and difficulty of creating stability. As time goes by, new challenges emerge, including the impacts of climate change and limited natural resources. Tensions are also exacerbated by a weak economy and social discontent. Countries in the Middle East face the challenge of finding comprehensive solutions that can end the cycle of violence and build sustainable peace. Effective international diplomacy and collaboration between countries are important keys in achieving stability in this conflict-ridden region.
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